Providing Fresh Water To Arid Regions Environmental Sciences Essay

Giving Fresh Water To Arid Regions Environmental Sciences Essay From 1950-2000, there was an immense ascent in the interest of the water (Smallwood, 2010). The explanation behind this huge increment sought after can be because of the enormous increment on the planets populace towards the later long stretches of the century. Between the years 1940 to 1960 universes populace was generally around 2500 a huge number of individuals (U.N, 2004). This number expanded to 6000 a huge number of individuals in year 2000 as per United Nations projections in 2004 (on the same page). All together satisfy this immense interest of water various nations on the planet began utilizing enormous scope water the executives methods. These procedures were valuable toward the start anyway these huge scope water the board methods are currently viewed as in decay (Smallwood, 2010). The emphasis is currently for the little scope water the executives procedures, anyway these little scope methods, for example, customary strategies are here and there not viewed as sufficiently adequate (on the same page). The parched and semi bone-dry areas are those pieces of the where there is next to no or no precipitation. These zones are to a great extent in focal and south eastern pieces of Asia, Africa and a few pieces of America. Pakistan is a creating nation in south eastern area of Asia. Pakistan is a semi dry nation with the issue of water the executives in the nation. Along these lines for instance of semi bone-dry locale this report will concentrate on the plausibility strategies for overseeing new water in Pakistan. Besides, this report will take a gander at the dams as huge scope water the executives method and water desalination and utilization of ground water as little scope water the board strategies. Pakistan 2.1 Background of water the board using huge dams in Pakistan As a creating nation Pakistans economy is essentially subject to agribusiness. Almost one fourth of Pakistans GDP is contributed by horticulture part (Ali, 2004). All together for horticultural area to thrive Pakistan needs to oversee water cautiously. A lot of water for water system originates from 5 primary waterways of Pakistan (Ali, 2004). These streams are Indus, Ravi, Jhelum, Sutlej and waterway Chenab (in the same place). Channel water is created from these five streams (on the same page). This trench framework is the biggest channel framework on the planet (on the same page). Notwithstanding this there are 2 primary dams work so as to oversee water all the more appropriately. These dams are Mangla and Tarbela dams. Among these dams there are numerous other little dams work all together oversee water for farming and power age purposes. The scientists have anyway contended that these dams are not adequate enough for Pakistans force and farming needs and there is a need to const ruct more dams so as to oversee water all the more adequately. 2.2 Current circumstance Dams can give modest power and dams can likewise help in situations of cataclysmic event. Pakistan is right now confronting a power setback of 3000 to 6000 megawatts (Khan.2010). Moreover late floods in Pakistan have demolished a large number of towns and several urban communities. As indicated by United Nations floods in July 2010 has influenced in excess of 20 million individuals in Pakistan. These floods have influenced the individuals as well as crushed the yields, which were the fundamental wellspring of pay for the individuals in Pakistan. The contentions have again taken an ascent that a questionable KalaBagh dam ought to be manufactured and if that dam would have been there this flood would not have influenced as much it has influenced now. The KalaBagh dam is the biggest proposed dam to be worked in the northern territories of Pakistan. Anyway due to being disputable the work on this has not been begun. 2.3 Kalabagh dam, a disputable proposed enormous dam Kalabagh Dam Project proposed to be situated close to Islamabad on Indus River (Alvi et.al.N.D). The proposed dam is a multi-reason venture, it would have a live stockpiling limit of 6.1 million section of land feet (ibid).it will fill the limit misfortune in repositories, it would make contribute particularly to water system supplies for new undertakings as well as give extra water which was concurred by the areas submerged Apportionment Accord (WAA) of 1991 (in the same place). Moreover, it would include a lot of modest hydropower to the National Grid through its 2400 MW (Ultimate 3600 MW) introduced power (on the same page). This can tackle the vitality emergencies of Pakistan and the power deficiency can be done. Anyway this undertaking is contradicted by three areas of Pakistan. Other than Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa all are against the venture of Kalabagh dam. As indicated by the Sindhi perspective Kalabagh dam would transform sindh into desert (Alvi et.al.N.D). There would be no extra water to fill Kalabagh repository (on the same page). Anyway ongoing floods in Pakistan demonstrate that there are sufficient surpluses of water. Ocean water interruption in Indus estuary would highlight (in the same place). Working of Kala bagh dam will devastate the mangrove woods, which are as of now undermined (on the same page). KalaBagh dam would influence the fish creation and water supplies in the southern regions of Pakistan (on the same page). It is expected that notable flooding of Peshawar Valley including Nowshera town would be exasperated in case of repeat of 1929 record flood (Alvi et.al.N.D). Seepages of encompassing zone of Mardan, Pabbi and Swabi fields would be unfavorably influenced by the store along these lines making water logging and saltiness (in the same place). Activity of Mardan SCARP would be unfavorably influenced (on the same page). Fruitful land would be lowered (on the same page). Enormous number of individuals would be dislodged (in the same place). The cases that are referenced above are the feelings of dread of the areas and it is not yet clear that these cases do truly have any reality behind them.Other than the above dubious reasons the Kalabagh dam is a super venture. At the end of the day the Kalabagh dam is viewed as in the enormous scope water the executives procedure. As it is contended by the Smallwood (2010) that the world is commonly moving from utilizing the huge scope water the executives methods towards the little scope water the board strategies. The purpose behind this is enormous scope water the executives methods have numerous impediments. At the point when the water is put away for a huge scope there is a high danger of water conceived infections (Smallwood.2010). Enormous dams are the join assets so it is troublesome deal with the water as everyone would require more water (in the same place). Also, enormous dams causes huge measure of relocations of the individuals (Ibid). Water desalination and little dams utilized as little scope new water the board by other dry or semi dry nations Because of the abuse of characteristic wellsprings of water, as the water request has expanded, there is an extraordinary weight on exchange wellsprings of new water (Fritzman et.al, 2006). The ocean water can be utilized to satisfy the requests of the water (on the same page). The water is desalinated through warm innovation (in the same place). Through this innovation the salt is dissipated from the water to make it capable for day by day use (on the same page). The Middle East zones of the world are the primary client of the water desalination innovation (in the same place). These regions are bone-dry and it has an incredible interest of new water (in the same place). So as to satisfy the water requests the warm water desalination innovation is being utilized (in the same place). The dry and semi dry locales of Europe are likewise utilizing the water desalination innovation (in the same place). The best model is the Spain which has the biggest water desalination limit (in the same place). This interest of the desalinated water will become further with Middle East being the best client of this innovation (in the same place). This is because of the fast increment in the number of inhabitants in Middle Eastern territories (in the same place). The Asia will turn into the quick developing business sector of water desalination as there is enormous increment in populace and regular water assets are getting lacking to satisfy the interest of the water (on the same page). The water desalination can satisfy the water requests effectively anyway the expense of introducing the water desalination plants are high. Anyway when contrasted with enormous dams the expense of water desalination plant is low, which means water desalination can give water economically. Through water desalination the water must be given to the regions which are close to the ocean (Smallwood, 2010). So as to give new water to the territories which are away from the ocean and the zones are dry little scope dams can be worked to satisfy the interest of the new water. A little scope or small scale dam on the off chance that it is structured appropriately can give numerous advantages to the territories close to the dam (Ersado, 2005). The small scale dams can give water to water system, water for steers and may even give water to angling purposes (in the same place). In the territories where there is shortage of water, for the most part in creating nations the miniaturized scale dams can give water to residential purposes (on the same page). The miniaturized scale dams are more affordable when contrasted with huge dams and these dams are less questionable. These dams anyway have many reactions (Ersado, 2005). The standing water can be the wellspring of intestinal sickness (on the same page). Also the standing water gives a decent situation to sickness transmission (in the same place ). End As it contended by Smallwood (2010) that the world is presently moving ceaselessly from the huge scope water the board. The created countries, for example, U.S.A have worried upon little scope water the executives strategies (Smallwood, 2010). The dry zones, for example, Middle East is utilizing water desalination technique all together satisfy the interest of new water (Fritzman et.al, 2006). The creating nations can likewise utilize their costal line so as to satisfy the interest of new water. For instance Pakistan has a long costal line beginning from south of Sindh till the finish of south of Baluchistan. This costal line can be utilized for water desalination and it can satisfy the interest of new water of the southern parched regions of Pakistan. As it previously anticipated by Fritzman et.al (2006) that the water desalination technique would be the quickest developing strategy for provi

galileo galilei essays

galileo galilei papers Galileo Galilei was brought into the world close to Pisa, Italy, on February 15, 1564 (Drake). Galileo was the main offspring of Vincezio Galiei, a trader and an artist (Jaki 289). In 1574, Galileos family moved from Pisa to Florence, where Galileo began his proper instruction (Jaki 289). Seven years last mentioned, in 1581, Galileo entered the University of Pisa as a clinical understudy (Drake). In 1583, home on an excursion from clinical school, Galileo started to consider arithmetic and physical sciences (Jaki 289). A Family companion and teacher at the Academy of Design, Ostilio Ricci, took a shot at interpreting some of Archimedes, which Galileo read and got intrigued by. This is the place Galileo got his profound enthusiasm for Archimedes (Jaki 289). When coming back to clinical school, clinical school turned out to be less speaking to Galileo, and his profound advantages in Archimedes and arithmetic attracted him, Galileo left without a degree in 1584 (Drake). Beginning his ex aminations, in 1585, in Aristotelian material science and cosmology, Galileo needed to leave the University of Pisa before he got his degree, in light of budgetary issues (Jaki 289). Returning to Florence, Galileo burned through three ineffective years searching for a showing position (Jaki 289). During this time Galileo was expanding his comprehension of material science and arithmetic. Likewise during this difficult time Galileo composed two talks one about standards of adjusting and the other about focal point of gravity of various strong articles (Jaki 289). These works were coursed in composition structure just, however they made Galileo notable in mainstream researchers. Galileo got eminent in 1588, when he gave a talk at the Florentine Academy on the geography of Dantes Inferno, where he demonstrated his broad information on science and geometry (Jaki 289). In 1589, Galileos rising notoriety as a mathematician and characteristic logician (physicist), earned him a showing spot at the University of Pisa (Jaki 289). Galileo burned through three y... <! Galileo Galilei papers Galileo Galilei was conceived at Pisa on the eighteenth of February in 1564. His dad, Vincenzo Galilei, had a place with a respectable family and had increased some differentiation as an artist and a mathematician. At an early age, Galileo showed his capacity to learn both numerical and mechanical kinds of things, yet his folks, wishing to divert him beside contemplates which guaranteed no generous return, controlled him toward a clinical calling. In any case, this had no impact on Galileo. During his childhood he was permitted to follow the way that he wished to. In spite of the fact that in the mainstream mind Galileo is recollected predominantly as a space expert, nonetheless, the study of mechanics and elements practically owe their reality to his discoveries. Before he was twenty, perception of the motions of a swinging light in the house of God of Pisa drove him to the disclosure of the isochronism of the pendulum, which hypothesis he used fifty years after the fact in the development of a cosmic clock. In 1588, an exposition on the focal point of gravity in solids got for him the title of the Archimedes of his time, and made sure about him a showing spot in the University of Pisa. During the years promptly following, exploiting the commended inclining tower, he established the framework tentatively of the hypothesis of falling bodies and exhibited the misrepresentation of the peripatetic saying, which is that an items pace of drop is relative to its weight. At the point when he tested this it made the entirety of the adherents of Aristo tle amazingly furious, they would not aside from the way that their pioneer could have been off-base. Galileo, in aftereffect of this and different difficulties, thought that it was judicious to stop Pisa and move to Florence, the first home of his family. In Florence he was assigned by the Venetian Senate in 1592 to the seat of arithmetic in the University of Padua, which he involved for a long time, with ever-expanding notoriety. After that he was named rationalist and mathematician to the Grand D... <! Galileo Galilei expositions There have been numerous boondocks since the commencement of the world. There have been gigantic achievements, particularly in the field of science. However, none have even approached the astounding achievements of Galileo Galilei. Galileo gave a wilderness in history due to his enhancements in the field of science, his disclosures, his numerous innovations, and his insightful speculations. Galileo was not extremely upheld by anybody when he began, yet he before long started picking up ubiquity as he found out various things and began demonstrating that he was correct and a few thoughts of the past were wrong. In the mid year of 1609, Galileos motivation of improving the telescope was propelled. A companion of his, Paolo Spari of Venice, kept in touch with him, requesting that he attempt and make sense of how the innovation of the spyglass functioned (MacLachlan 46). In his letter, he composed that Lippershey of Holland had found that two focal points, whenever set if front of each other, would empower significant stretches to be seen three to multiple times nearer than expected, however they would just have the option to be seen topsy turvy (Levinger 75). Galileo acknowledged the demand following he read the note, endeavoring to find the guideline behind the spyglass, replicate it, and afterward at last improve it (Rosen 119). Galileo before long found that light beams from the item experience the combining focal point and eyepiece toward the finish of the cylinder, empowering him to make his own spyglass (Bernadini 49). The model of the better than ever spyglass took not exactly a day to make (Rosen 120). Nonetheless, the real spyglass took any longer to develop (Rosen 121). His new model had the option to be seen straight up, after he included a third focal point, and could amplify protests up to multiple times their real size (MacLachlan 46). After his first spyglass was finished, Galileo moved up on his rooftop to test it. In the wake of altering the containers of the spyglass together, a tree bean formin... <!

The Costs and Benefits of Being a Small Business Owner

The Costs and Benefits of Being a Small Business Owner If establishing your own business occupies your thoughts lately, you have surely started reading through many articles on that. Like with everything in life, this decision has both positive and negative sides.Okay, perhaps those are not the best words to use, but what we are trying to say is that some things will be smoother, while the others will have more obstacles.However, the fact that you are considering being your own boss is surely a great and brave decision. Not everybody is capable of that, nor every person is willing to fight with the windmills.Therefore, do your best to start the whole thing with high aspiration and a thorough, smart plan.Here in our article, we shall try to give an overall insight into all the costs and benefits of being a small business owner. After learning all the aspects involved in this project, so to name it, you will be able to see whether this is the right option for you.BEFORE YOU GET DOWN TO (YOUR OWN) BUSINESSIt is very important to ask yoursel f a few questions which will significantly help you get a better understanding of what being on your own in terms of business means. Like we said, not everybody is capable of running their own venture. There are many reasons for that.Some people haven’t got a clear idea of all the things that go along with this decision, the others lack the strength to be persistent.For that reason, you should make a small questionnaire for yourself, with the idea to help you test yourself prior to making any actual steps.Here are the questions to answer:Are you ready to operate independently?Do you think you are the person who can make all the decisions and shoulder all the huge responsibility?Even though people will instantly and unconsciously answer “Yes!” because they want to start the whole idea in a positive manner, this question is actually a difficult one. There are so many layers beneath the first one that meets the eyes.When you work in a company, you have certain responsibilities wh ich are limited to a few aspects. The final word and important management decisions are up to big bosses. However, being on your own makes you the employer and the employee ate the same time.You become the one in charge of all the approvals and refusals. No one tells you what to do, you are the person responsible for all the failures and successes.This is where you need to be honest with yourself and give the most genuine answer you can. It’s not a shame admitting that you are not ready for such a thing. But if you believe you are, then do your best to show that at its best.There are many sacrifices which go along with starting a small enterprise- are you willing to make them?Are you ready to work really hard?Eight to five, Monday to Friday is something you will have to forget. Without the intention to sound rough, if you want to start your own venture, the start-up phase requires you to be omnipresent. No more vacations and days off, at least until the business is stable and big enough you can put someone in charge while you are away.This means you will have to be the manager, worker, bookkeeper and all the other roles required. For one who is serious about establishing his/her own venture, limiting to certain working hours could be considered immature in terms of business. But not only immature, but you will actually see that it is impossible.This is the point particularly important to those with family. If you think you can make a good balance between this, then you are indeed a step closer to becoming your own boss.The best way to make the family life suffer less is to involve the members in the business. That will bring you closer together. Moreover, splitting the duties is certainly of great help.The path to success of a new enterprise requires self-discipline and self-confidence- have you got them?No matter how good and thorough a plan is, still very few new ventures manage to become successful overnight. It’s a complex procedure, which sometimes re quires a few months, but it can take up to a year or maybe two.So, what you need to have is lots of patience, be disciplined and trust in yourself. Expect failures and setbacks, they are an integral and expected part of every new enterprise. Let them motivate you to be better, to work harder and think positive thoughts.This sounds so idealistic and simple, but in reality, people get easily discouraged. Everybody is happy when they feel the success, but dealing with less positive sides of being a newbie is the harder part.ARE YOU READY?These are the most common but questions of vital importance for all those who are interested in starting their own business. When answering them, be honest, because it’s all about you after all.Think of establishing a venture as a marriage. It’s a full-time commitment which requires a strong desire and constant work to keep in in a good shape. Expect lots of ups and downs, be prepared for numerous surprises, but keep on fighting. That’s how the p rocedure looks like.If the answer to the questions above is positive, then congrats! You have the necessary characteristic of an entrepreneur and you are ready to make your business idea come true. Let the burning desire and strong will be your motivators, and your dreams will be transformed into reality.Overnight success is not a rule, it’s an exception, and with that, on your kind, the whole time, strive to be better and better as the days go by.Without further ado, we shall now list all the costs and benefits of being a small business owner. THE PERKS OF ESTABLISHING A SMALL BUSINESS1. IndependenceBelieve it or not, this one is at the top of the list of reason why people get motivated to start running their own business. As the years go by, people get tired of other people bossing over them. During a longer period of time, and if the bosses are some too unfair, this really turns into a nasty headache, and becomes a motivation killer.Making independent decisions gives great free dom. You control the destiny on your own, and that’s what becomes the main inspiration and a thing that pushes you forward from day to day.For the majority of people who are serious about establishing their own business, this freedom and independence outweigh all the potential risks, making one stronger and more eager to strive for better and bigger things.2. ControlGoing hand in hand with the previous perk, it makes you the one involved in all aspects of a business. You are the one who is in the beginning, middle and at the end of every process. When you have a vision, and you go step by step fulfilling all the phases from the initial to the final one, you are allowed to feel powerful.This provides a great amount of satisfaction as you are the one who controls everything. It is very important to note the difference between this type of control and the one that bossy bosses like to have over their employees. Here you control your own idea, not other people, which makes the whole t hing fair.You get to decide when is the right moment to push harder and when you can allow yourself a bit slower tempo. Be driven by passion and creativity, and that will have a positive reflection on the overall project.3. PrestigeThe third positive side that logically follows these two above-mentioned is the prestige. That feeling of satisfaction when you can say “I did it!” is indeed incomparably fantastic. It gives you lots of pride, which is also a strong motivating factor for those who are in the initial phase of starting up a business on their own.Of course, don’t let this stray your way in some daydreaming. The feeling of being successful is an easy one to deal with, but knowing what to do when a failure (or more of them) occur is a bigger virtue. That’s where the prestige shows its true face.Being able to say “I did it!” even if a decision turns to be the wrong one is what makes you a truly mature businessman. The faults are there to make us become better, after all.4. OpportunitiesThis is a factor which has multiple layers. To start with some benefits you as an individual have, you are the one who creates chances and opens the door for new ideas and people. The first phase is a self-contribution, to you as a person and your fresh business.If it turns to be a successful one, it expands and becomes an opportunity to boost the local economy. What comes after is an idea powerful and innovative enough to contribute to society.So, be brave to try things out. A trial results in two outcomes- success and failure. You cannot be sure which of these two will happen until you try. That’s what opportunities are for.5. Financial GainJust to make one thing clear, it’s not like you will become a billionaire overnight. As a matter of fact, in the initial phase, you should be happy if no major financial losses occur. Maintaining the balance is what matters a lot when you are establishing your own business.However, being your own boss, certainly offers a bigger possibility to be significantly awarded in terms of financial achievements. There are no income restraints such as those which exist when you work for someone. All that money that comes as a result of your decisions and investments is entirely yours.Once you discover what is the best way to boost the business and make more profit, invest all the strength into turning that into reality.6. Close Relationship This benefit is the one that stands out compared to a large business.Some people enjoy the close and friendly relationships which their business partners. That way they feel more relaxed to express the ideas and thoughts and cooperate with other people.Digital communication makes this even easier and available. Moreover, it makes easier for a newbie to reach a greater number of customers and consumers.However, be careful as this can act as a double-edged sword. Some people are simply unable to make the difference between professional and private relationship and establish the safe limits. Don’t let the closeness work against you.Try to find the balance where you will be able to maintain a friendly approach with associates, but don’t become overly familiar and unnecessary unofficial.7. EquityRunning a small business gives an individual a chance to build equity. It’s a multi-beneficial thing because it can serve for several purposes. You can keep it, sell or pass it on to the next generation.Once a person manages to run a successful business on his/her own, it’s not so uncommon that after a while one decides to sell it and give a chance to the next venture. Having a business on your own opens multiple possibilities, and whichever you decide to try out, all the financial benefits remain exclusively yours.8. Vision Becomes RealityEntrepreneurship is a great chance for a person to turn their dreams and visions into reality, make them visible. It’s a sort of daily reminder that one is living his/her dreams.Of course, this has no intention to sou nd like a fairy-tale, far from that. But the fact is that when one manages to establish a business on his/her own, one is actually living the ideas.You should use this as a strong motivation and encouragement. There’s no better way to push the limits and explore than with prosperous and creative ideas. This brings personal growth, and if the idea is big enough, it expands to a wider field.9. Gaining New Experience and Expanding KnowledgeOnce you become a boss on your own, you are the one who is in charge of every aspect of the business, at least in the beginning.This means that you will have to learn a lot because there will be many new things that follow the development of your new enterprise.Moreover, it will boost your communicational and decision-making skills.The new experience gives you better insight into things you didn’t have to worry about when you were just an employee. This is the moment when you begin to understand time-costs of money, and therefore you learn to app reciate and manage them better.The previous experience as an employee gave you the chance to see one side of the medal, whereas being a self-employed brings new insights.10. The Identity of Higher ValueNo matter how fantastic a job title may be, still people will somehow look you with a bigger dose of respect when you say that you are an entrepreneur. People get interested in your project and are willing to share various stories from their own “battle”, particularly if they are also business owners.When one is identified as an entrepreneur, many doors open and professional horizons significantly expand. The more your business develops, the more chances appear, and that certainly provides your identity with a constant upgrade.11. FlexibilityLike we mentioned earlier in our small questionnaire when one decides to become an entrepreneur, it affects private and family life a lot.On the other hand, it’s not always necessarily in a negative way. Having the freedom to arrange tasks o n your own gives you numerous chances to adjust things consciously.This means you get to choose the moment to scale down or scale back your business if the occasion requires you to do so. Sometimes you will have to make some important personal decisions which are not related to business.That’s the moment to put the business “on hold” until you finish what you have to, and then carry on where you paused.The ideal level of functionality would be the one where a person gets to grow with his/her business, and business gets to grow with one’s personal life.THE LESS POSITIVE SIDE OF BEING A SMALL BUSINESS OWNERRiskThis seems to be among the greatest fears for a person establishing a business. No matter how thorough and devoted you manage to plan something, still, you cannot eliminate risk totally. There’s no button to turn the option off. And the risk can come from multiple sources.Sometimes a person leaves a secure job to give the chance to the independent entrepreneurship, and he/she fails. This can be really hard to overcome, but it’s not the end of the world.The best way to minimize them is to try to list all the potential risky situations you can think of. That way at least you be prepared to react fast and on time, knowing what to expect. There’s always a way to fight the monster called risk, but it requires lots of strength.UncertaintyWhat goes hand in hand with the above-described monster is this shadowy and gloomy place called uncertainty. In some ideal world, the best would be if we could predict everything, particularly when establishing a new business. Unfortunately, we cannot.On the other hand, comprehensive planning may be of help, as you will at least make a list of things that are hard to calculate in advance. Like with the previous one, you cannot make it disappear, but you can learn how to react.Time CommitmentThe fact that one is a boss, manager, worker, bookkeeper, and whatnot at the same time is really a time-consuming occasion. Th is means working 24/7 with no day off, no vacation. People with families can have lots of doubts about whether a business on their own is the right choice since it affects a private life a lot.However, do know that it doesn’t last forever. It’s only a phase, the initial one, and it is so expected that it’s the most demanding one. Every second you invest in the beginning pays off a lot later, so let that positive aspect be your motivation to push forward.Financial commitmentNo matter how small a business is, still you need to have an initial capital to make it run. People usually use retirement funds or personal savings for this purpose, which directly impacts family finances. This is a tough decision to make, not everybody has the guts to do so.The best would be to make a financial balance. Leave some money aside, for family purposes, and let it remain untouched. The other half of it you can use for business purposes. If it fails, you won’t end up with no money in your savin gs. In case of success, the money you earn will be the one to invest further. WHY DO SOME PEOPLE FAIL TO START THEIR OWN BUSINESS?As you can see, the benefits definitely outnumber the disadvantages. We really did our best to list as many aspects as possible, so that you could make the decision easier. Knowing all the good and bad aspects certainly help in the planning phase.However, even though people are aware of all these aspects, some of them succeed, while the others fail. How’s that? What is it that some people manage to deal with and make success, and the others cannot?It gets better and easier with the time, but the initial phase is without any doubts the most difficult one. Whoever manages to survive this level with no major losses will turn the odds in his/her own favor.On the other hand, mistakes help us learn some valuable lessons what not to do in the future and how not to behave. Here are some of the most common reasons some projects deemed to be a failure:Not Enough PlanningWe mentioned making plans several times as a factor of vital importance. Not just any plan, but a thorough one, as fulfilled with details as possible. Without it, you cannot expect to make a success. How can you be sure where would you like to get, if you haven’t set a clear goal?Lack of Outsourcing and DelegationIn the beginning, one has to be on his/her own, but as time goes by, it’s quite normal to assign some tasks and duties to some other people. Don’t be afraid of that, otherwise, you will be eaten by your own business.A Fear to Adjust, Change and Develop Even though you have all the aspects well-planned, still the objective situation is not something you can always predict. Therefore, you will have to find a way to make your plan work, even if the conditions are completely different from the ones you expected. You need to learn to adapt. People who don’t are left behind, with no success. Think forward, don’t be afraid to be innovative.Disbalance Between the Functional Campaign and Invested MoneyIn order to bring ideas to life quickly, people invest in various online campaigns and advertisements.By this, we mean both time and money. But, sometimes a simple word of mouth brings more new consumers than a fancy, expensive campaign. If you can evaluate this, and find an adequate measure, you will be a step away from failing and a step closer to success.Unaware of Cash FlowYou must literally track every single coin if you want to have a clear picture of your incomes and outgoings.No one says that this will bring you a fortune overnight, but losing track of the cash flow certainly makes your small business vulnerable. In the beginning, it’s all your duty, but as the business grows, you will be able to afford a professional to monitor the finances.Wrong Questions, Wrong PeopleYou must, at the same time, know what you know, and know what you don’t know.Sounds like a brain wrench, but as soon as you make these two aspects clear, you will be able to define a very important thing. You will know what are the questions you have to ask, and who are the people who can give you the answers.Don’t waste time on the wrong people and wrong answer, because that leads to failure.FINAL THOUGHTSEven though starting a business has several disadvantages, positive sides are the ones that motivate people to try their luck. No one says that it’s an easy journey, but it’s definitely worth a shot.We have listed all the costs and benefits of being a small business owner, yours is to go through them patiently. Be honest to yourself, because only that way you increase the chances to succeed.We wish you lots of luck and courage in your new personal (ad)venture!

The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman

Dramaturgical Perspective In his book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman (1959) focuses on the self as a staged production in which people actively present themselves to different audiences one encounters. To bolster his conceptualization, Goffman used an interesting metaphor of â€Å"all the world’s a stage† (1959, 254). This, he terms as a â€Å"dramaturgical approach† (Goffman 1959, 240) in which an actor puts on a show for others; drawing analogies between human behaviors and the theater. Goffman (1959) likens the individual to an actor on stage performing for and with other individuals involved in the situation. Three types of space exist for the actor to perform on, to enact the self, and to interact with others: the front stage, the backstage, the outer region. Goffman (1959) utilizes specific dramaturgical terms such as performance, teams, front and back regions, sign-vehicles, and highlights the process of dramatic realization. These terms will be discussed in th e following sections. Performance. The interactions are viewed as a performance, constantly being shaped by the environment and audience, with the objective of providing others with impressions that are consonant with the desired goals of the actor. Specifically Goffman states as â€Å"all the activity of an individual which occurs during a period marked by his continuous presence before a particular set of observers and which has some influence on the observers† (1959, 32). Goffman (1959) uses theShow MoreRelatedThe Presentation of Self in Everyday Life by Erving Goffman1040 Words   |  5 Pages Erving Goffman (1922-1983) was born in Manville, Alberta, Canada. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. Goffman was also a professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley, and the Benjamin Franklin Professor of Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Before his death in 1983, he received the MacIver Award (1961), the In Medias Res Award (1978), and was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and SciencesRead MoreThe Presentation Of Self And Everyday Life By Erving Goffman1742 Words   |  7 Pagesothers to see them. In the book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Erving Goffman writes in detail how individuals make use of different techniques to set their own stage and portray traits and interests of who they are or who they want to be. One such way of portraying ourselves to others is using impression management to control the impressions we give to others and how others see the impressions we give off. These can be found on what is considered by Goffman to be the front stage, a placeRead MoreThe Presentation Of Self In Everyday Life By Erving Goffman Analysis1640 Words   |  7 PagesIn Erving Goffman’s book, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, he bases his literature and knowledge off of dramatological theories. According to Goffman, an individual appearing before others is a performer appearing before his or her audience. These performers have many motives to put on an act enabling the possibility to control their impressions given off in their performance. He then furthers his belief within a given setting, there is no true self. On the contrary to Goffman’s work, JuliaRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self710 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Assignment 3 DSSAE100J December 3, 2010 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life â€Å"When an individual enters the presence of others, they commonly seek to acquire†¨information about him or to bring into play information about him already possessed. They†¨will be interested in his general socio-economic status, his conception of self, his attitude†¨towards them, his competence, his trustworthiness, etc. Although some of this information is†¨sought as an end in itself, there are usually quiteRead MoreIdentity Management, Concepts, And Definitions1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfacing or presenting self, in which one manipulates their perceived image for others to discern. The concept of identity management can also effect other arenas such as professional communication in the work place and school. Similarly its effects can be perceived in the larger stage of public relations for important persons and celebrities. Identity management theory was developed on the works of Erving Goffman. It is understood that the identity management theory me ntions Goffman s contributionsRead MoreSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment779 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Interaction: Goffman and the Social Experiment In â€Å"The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life†, Erving Goffman expresses his views on social interaction, analyzing many different key aspects that formulate an individual’s role and manner throughout the act of expressing himself in the presence of others. Goffman compares the difference between â€Å"the expression that he gives, and the expression that he gives off†, explaining that these two concepts involve significantly differing actions, butRead MoreEssay on Presentation of Self Claim522 Words   |  3 PagesErving Goffman’s Presentation of Self Claim Erving Goffman was a sociologist who studied and analyzed social interaction. He took special interest in explaining how people live their lives as if they were actors performing on stage. He looked at the world as if he were a â€Å"director† seeing what goes on in everyday life. He called this observation of the world dramaturgical analysis. He applied terms to this explanation, which include the concepts of status and role. He referred the â€Å"part in a play†Read MoreGoffman s Theory Of Sociology And Anthropology1549 Words   |  7 PagesNovember 2014 Erving Goffman INTRODUCTION Erving Goffman was born in Mannville, Alberta on June 11, 1922. He was born to his Ukrainian Jewish parents, Max and Ann. They were part of the Ukrainians that migrated to Canada between 1897 and 1914. He and his sister, Frances, were raised in Dauphin, near Winnipeg. Goffman attended St. John’s Technical High School. He showed an interest in chemistry and went on to study chemistry at the University of Manitoba in 1939. In 1943 and 1944 Goffman worked at theRead MoreSocial Order (Foucault and Goffman)1463 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine two views on social order, applied to social sciences, and embodied in everyday life. It will compare and contrast a Canadian sociologist, Erving Goffman, and a French philosopher, Michel Foucault. Through an analysis of these two figures, the text will present different ways of looking at social ordering and individuals place in a human society. Firstly, it will be shown how Goffman and Foucault approach the subject of social order, finding patterns of behaviour in micro andRead MoreEssay on Dramaturgical Analysis1185 Words   |  5 Pagesand all the men and women merely players.† William Shakespeare may have written these words in As You Like It in 1600, but Erving Goffman truly defined the phrase with his dramaturgical theory. Dramaturgical analysis is the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. Unlike actors though , who use a script telling them how to behave in every scene, real life human interactions change depending upon the social situation they are in. We may have an idea of how we want to be perceived

Tom Sawyer Little Rascal And Proper Southern Gentleman

Tom Sawyer: Little Rascal and Proper Southern Gentleman In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer appears in St Petersburg and at the Phelps’ farm as Huck Finn’s companion. Though Tom serves as Huck’s partner-in-crime of sorts, the two boys contrast in crucial perceptual and behavioral aspects: where Tom possesses a love for romanticism and a strict policy of adherence to societal conventions and codes, Huck possesses a skeptical sort of personality in which he tends to perceive society’s infatuations as frivolous. Tom’s presence represents an overlying trend in behavior for Mark Twain’s era wherein individuals adhere to an idealistic social code that justifies the subjugation of others for the entertainment of the privileged populus. In this regionalist critical novel, Mark Twain uses Tom Sawyer as a vehicle to reveal the dangers of an idealistic society and how idealism leads to society rationalizing its day-to-day standards; there by, its idealism serves to hide the questionable moral behaviors prevalent in Twain’s era. TOM’S WORLD In society, individuals follow a core set of ethical codes which justify certain behaviors and vilify others. Twain uses Tom’s play world as a parallel to the adult moral code of his era. Tom possesses an infatuation with adventure stories and the common traits that comprise each; his infatuation turns the principles of his books into a code of standards to which he staunchly adheres. He parallels the concept of Southern honor, the

Bus401 Mini Case Chapter 9 Free Essays

Percentage of future financing Type of financing Bonds (8%, $1,000 par, 16- year maturity38% Preferred stock (5,000 shares outstanding $50 par, $1. 50 dividend15% Common equity47% Total100% A. Market prices are $1,035 for bonds, $19 for preferred stock, and $35 for common stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Bus401 Mini Case Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There will be sufficient internal common equity funding (i. e. , retained earnings) available such that the firm does not plan to issue new common stock. Calculate the firm’s weighted average cost of capital. BondsPreferred stockCommon Stock 1035-15% (155. 25) = 879. 75 1. 50/(19-2. 01) 16. 99 = 8. 83% 2. 65/35 + . 06 = 13. 57% 9. 9% 9. 49% (1-. 34) = 6. 26% WeightsAfter tax captialProduct Bond 0. 38X6. 26%=2. 3788 Preferred Stock0. 15X8. 83%=1. 3245 Common Stock0. 47X13. 57%=6. 3779 10. 08% B. In part a we assumed that Nealon would have sufficient retained earnings such that it would not need to sell additional common stock to finance its new investments. Consider the situation now when Nealon’s retained earnings anticipated for the coming year are expected to fall short of the equity requirement of 47% of new capital raised. Consequently, the firm foresees the possibility that new common shares will have to be issued. To facilitate the sale of shares, Nealon’s investment banker has advised management that they should expect a price discount of approximately 7%, or $2. 45 per share. Under these terms, the new shares should provide net proceeds of about $32. 55. What is Nealon’s cost of equity capital when new shares are sold, and what is the weighted average cost of the added funds involved in the issuance of new shares? Common Stock 2. 65/32. 55 + . 06 = 14. 14% WeightsAfter tax captialProduct Bond 0. 38X6. 26%=2. 3788 Preferred Stock0. 15X8. 83%=1. 3245 Common Stock0. 47X14. 14%=6. 6458 10. 35% How to cite Bus401 Mini Case Chapter 9, Papers

Role of Theory in Social Science Research for Development

Question: Write about theRole of Theory in Social Science Research for Development. Answer: My introduction to the world of social science shaped my understanding about the society through a critical perspective. This critical perspective was developed over the course of the study of the subject especially after I learnt to contextualize the individual events taking place in the society within the broader socio-political context. In this regard, understanding the relationship between theory, methodology and research design facilitated my insight about the pathbreaking work of different social scientists (George and Bennett 2015). In the social science research, there are main stages that lead to the collection of data. The first stage is the stage of theory that is followed by methodology that is once again followed by research design. In my understanding, theory is a set of testable propositions that have emerged through empirical data. In social science research, there are mainly two types of methodology-Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative methodology is influenced by the epistemology of positivism and emphasizes on objectivity and detachment in the pursuit of research. On the other hand, Qualitative methodology is informed by the interpretivists methodology and emphasizes on subjectivity and understanding the social action of the social actor. Researchers who swear by the positivist philosophy begin their research with a hypothesis about the research problem (Berg 2014). This is followed by the beginning of fieldwork through either the survey method or the structured interview schedule. After the completion of the research the theory used by the researcher may or may not stand true. Therefore, this is known as the deductive approach. On the other hand, interpretivist epistemology involves beginning with a basic research question and then going to the field. After the collection of data and collation of the findings, it can be found that a theory emerges through the fieldwork. This is known as the inductive theory and it is widely known as th e inductive approach. The importance of theory lies in its ability to explain a phenomenon that would otherwise posit as puzzling for the researcher. In other words, theories provide coherence to understand a social event. For example, the deviant attitude of a child and his unmanageable behaviour can be understood through Sorin and Galloways constructions of different kinds of children based on the context. Apart from providing explanations, theories have the potential to provide predictions. In this regard, Durkheims sociological theory of suicide becomes a lens to examine the role of instability and breakdown of the social machinery in contributing to suicide of a person. Similarly, Durkheim linked the rate of suicide with the degree of ones attachment with the community. This brings m to the third aspect of a theory that it comprises two or more variables where one variable is a dependant variable and another one is an independent variable (Wodak and Meyer 2009). One important aspect that I learnt abo ut theories is that it is not necessarily generalisible to a larger demographic region and is limited to a specific socio-political context. Another important aspect of theory that I have realized that in case of research, theory provides direction about the way the research is to be conducted by presenting a framework to begin and pursue the research. References Berg, B.L., 2014. Methods for the social sciences.Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Boston: Pearson Education. George, A.L. and Bennett, A., 2015.Case studies and theory development in the social sciences. mit Press. Wodak, R. and Meyer, M. eds., 2009.Methods for critical discourse analysis. Sage.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - The History of Domestication

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) - The History of Domestication Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) was one of the first and earliest crops domesticated by humans. Currently, archaeological and genetic evidence indicates barley is a mosaic crop, developed from several populations in at least five regions: Mesopotamia, the northern and southern Levant, the Syrian desert and, 1,500-3,000 kilometers (900-1,800 miles) to the east, in the vast Tibetan Plateau. The first was long though to be that of southwest Asia during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A about 10,500 calendar years ago: but the mosaic status of barley has thrown a wrench into our understanding of this process. In the Fertile Crescent, barley is considered one of the classic eight founder crops. A Single Wild Progenitor Species The wild progenitor of all of the barleys is thought to be Hordeum spontaneum (L.), a winter-germinating species which is native to a very wide region of Eurasia, from the Tigris and Euphrates river system in Iraq to the western reaches of the Yangtze River in China. Based on evidence from Upper Paleolithic sites such as Ohalo II in Israel, wild barley was harvested for at least 10,000 years before it was domesticated. Today, barley is the fourth most important crop in the world after wheat, rice and maize. Barley as a whole is well-adapted to marginal and stress-prone environments, and a more reliable plant than wheat or rice in regions which are colder or higher in altitude. The Hulled and the Naked Wild barley has several characteristics useful to a wild plant that arent so useful to humans. There is a brittle rachis (the part that holds the seed to the plant) that breaks when the seeds are ripe, scattering them to the winds; and the seeds are arranged on the spike in a sparsely seeded two rows. The wild barley always has a tough hull protecting its seed; the hull-less form (called naked barley) is only found on domestic varieties. The domestic form has a non-brittle rachis and more seeds, arranged in  a six-rowed spike. Both hulled and naked seed forms are found in domesticated barley: during the Neolithic period, both forms were grown, but in the Near East, naked barley cultivation declined beginning in the Chalcolithic/Bronze Ages about 5000 years ago. Naked barleys, while easier to harvest and process, are more susceptible to insect attack and parasitic disease. Hulled barleys have higher yields; so within the Near East anyway, keeping the hull was a selected-for trait. Today hulled barleys dominate in the west, and naked barleys in the east. Because of the ease of processing, the naked form is used primarily as a whole-grain human food source. The hulled variety is used mainly for animal feed and the production of malt for brewing. In Europe, the production of barley beer dates at least as long ago as 600 B.C. Barley and DNA A recent (Jones and colleagues 2012) phylogeographic analysis of barley in the northern fringes of Europe and in the Alpine region found that cold adaptive gene mutations were identifiable in modern barley landraces. The adaptations included one type that was non-responsive to day length (that is, the flowering was not delayed until the plant got a certain number of hours of sunlight during the day): and that form is found in northeast Europe and high altitude locations. Alternatively, landraces in the Mediterranean region were predominantly responsive to day length. In central Europe, however, day length is not a trait which (apparently) had been selected for. Jones and colleagues were unwilling to rule out the actions of possible bottlenecks, but suggested that temporary climate changes might have affected the selection of traits for various regions, delaying the spread of barley or speeding it, depending on the adaptability of the crop to the region. How Many Domestication Events!? Evidence exists for at least five different loci of domestication: at least three locations in the Fertile Crescent, one in the Syrian desert and one in the Tibetan Plateau. Jones et al. 2013 report additional evidence that in the region of the Fertile Crescent, there may have been up to four different domestication events of Asian wild barley. The differences within groups A-D are based on the presence of alleles which are differently adapted to day length; and the adaptive ability of barley to grow in a wide variety of locations. It could be that the combination of barley types from different regions created increased drought resistance and other beneficial attributes. The DNA analysis reported in 2015 (Poets et al.) identified a genome segment from the Syrian desert variety in Asian and Fertile Crescent barleys; and a segment in northern Mesopotamia in Western and Asian barleys. We do not know, says Allaby in an accompanying essay, how our ancestors produced such genetically diverse crops: but the study should kick off an interesting period towards a better understanding domestication processes in general. Evidence for barley beer making as early as Yangshao Neolithic (ca 5000 years ago) in China was reported in 2016; it seems most likely to have been from the Tibetan Plateau, but that has yet to be determined.   Sites Greece: Dikili TashIsrael: Ohalo IIIran: Ali Kosh, Chogha GolanIraq: JarmoJordan: Ain GhazalCyprus: Klimonas, Kissonerga-MylouthkiaPakistan: MehrgarhPalestine: JerichoSwitzerland: Arbon Bleiche 3Syria: Abu HureyraTurkey: Çatalhà ¶yà ¼kTurkmenistan: Jeitun Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Plant Domestication, and the Dictionary of Archaeology.Allaby RG. 2015. Barley domestication: the end of a central dogma? Genome Biology 16(1):176.Badr A, Muller K, Schafer-Pregl R, El Rabey H, Effgen S, Ibrahim HH, Pozzi C, Rohde W, and Salamini F. 2000. On the origin and domestication history of Barley (Hordeum vulgare). Molecular Biology and Evolution 17(4):499-510.Dai F, Chen Z-H, Wang X, Li Z, Jin G, Wu D, Cai S, Wang N, Wu F, Nevo E et al. 2014. Transcriptome profiling reveals mosaic genomic origins of modern cultivated barley. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(37):13403-13408.Jones G, Charles MP, Jones MK, Colledge S, Leigh FJ, Lister DA, Smith LMJ, Powell W, Brown TA, and Jones HL. 2013. DNA evidence for multiple introductions of barley into Europe following dispersed domestications in Western Asia. Antiquity 87(337):701-713.Jones G, Jones H, Charles MP, Jones MK, Colledge S, Leigh FJ, Lister DA, Smith LMJ , Powell W, and Brown TA. 2012. Phylogeographic analysis of barley DNA as evidence for the spread of Neolithic agriculture through Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3230-3238. Komatsuda T, Pourkheirandish M, He C, Azhaguvel P, Kanamori H, Perovic D, Stein N, Graner A, Wicker T, Tagiri A et al. 2007. Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(4):1424-1429. doi:10.1073/pnas.0608580104Lister DL, and Jones MK. 2013. Is naked barley an eastern or a western crop? The combined evidence of archaeobotany and genetics. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(5):439-446. doi: 10.1007/s00334-012-0376-9Morrell PL, and Clegg MT. 2007. Genetic evidence for a second domestication of barley (Hordeum vulgare) east of the Fertile Crescent. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:3289-3294.Poets AM, Fang Z, Clegg MT, and Morrell PL. 2015. Barley landraces are characterized by geographically heterogeneous genomic origins. Genome Biology 16(1):1-11.Riehl S, Zeidi M, and Conard NJ. 2013. Emergence of agriculture in the foothills of the Zagros mountains of Iran. Science 341:65-67. Riehl S, Pustovoytov K, Weippert H, Klett S, and Hole F. 2014. Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by delta13C in barley grain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(34):12348-12353.Wang J, Liu L, Ball T, Yu L, Li Y, and Xing F. 2016. Revealing a 4,000-y-old beer recipe in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition.Zhao Z. 2011. New Archaeobotanic Data for the Study of the Origins of Agriculture in China. Current Anthropology 52(S4):S295-S306.

Capstone Project Essay Example

Capstone Project Essay Example Capstone Project Paper Capstone Project Paper Essay Topic: In the Waiting Room Indirect Clinical Project: Quality Improvement Abstract Healthcare has become a consumer driven industry with patient satisfaction equating to good customer service. Effective communication has been shown to be a key factor in both patient outcomes and satisfaction. Additionally, patient satisfaction has become a tool used by insurers to evaluate medical facilities and may impact reimbursement to hospitals for patient care. In this paper, I will discuss the issue of ineffective communication in the waiting area of the surgical services department at Mount Carmel East Hospital. The impact of ineffective communication effects patients and members of the perioperative team. Results of patient surveys consistently showed a decrease in overall patient satisfaction with areas of communication scoring the lowest across the continuum. Substandard scores necessitated a further look at the process of communication and a root cause analysis was used to evaluate the scope of the issue. The current communication process was then observed and compared to best practice models. A summary of this data, included in this report, was used to develop possible solutions to improve communication as part of a continuing quality improvement process. The impact of quality improvement is instrumental in overall patient satisfaction and customer service. Indirect Clinical Project: Quality Improvement The purpose of the Indirect Clinical Project (ICP) is to provide an opportunity for students working toward a Bachelors of Science in Nursing (BSN) to use critical thinking and problem solving skills to explore an issue related to their professional interest. BSN students were asked to work with Masters of Science in Nursing (MSN) preceptor in a professional role for this project. My ICP is designed to address the issue of ineffective communication in the waiting are of the surgical services department at Mount Carmel East Hospital. I choose this particular problem as it related to my current area of practice in the post anesthesia care unit. The problem of ineffective communication in the surgery waiting room  has been a longstanding issue. This is evidenced by substandard patient survey scores in areas related to communication and overall satisfaction with the surgical waiting area. In this paper, I will establish the framework for the problem of ineffective communication and how this translates into the quality improvement process. For this project a root cause analysis was done and the results were then used to develop a process improvement plan. A comparison was made between current practice and best practice related to perioperative communication. As the problem was analyzed and areas in need of improvement recognized, the process improvement plan was developed. The benefits and drawbacks of the possible solutions will be present along with rationales. PROBLEM Mount Carmel East (MCE) has had numerous complaints regarding ineffective communication within the surgical services waiting area. Complaints typically are related to patients and families not being informed of delays and/or updates. Currently a small number of volunteers are functioning as the surgical liaison for patients and families throughout the surgical care process. The liaison is responsible for facilitating communication to patients, families, nursing staff and surgeons. The task of being a liaison for patients in the perioperative setting can be daunting with many demands that present a variety of challenges. While these volunteers do not provide medical information, they are expected to understand the surgical schedule and perioperative process. No formal training for these duties is provided and volunteers are expected to convey appropriate information in a timely manner. Despite the placement of volunteer liaisons, complaints from patients and families not being informe d of delays and updates continue to be received. Inconsistencies in the number and abilities of the volunteers have a direct impact on the communication process. The schedule of the volunteers is the responsibility of the volunteer coordinator and while requests have been made to have the same volunteers this is not always possible. Some days there may be a single volunteer to manage the numerous responsibilities without any assistance and on occasion, particularly in the evening, there is no volunteer and the waiting room is left unattended. The waiting room is the first impression customers, patient and family, see when they arrive for surgery. Leaving the waiting room unattended is a poor reflection on the department and can be perceived as unwelcoming. â€Å"The perioperative environment is often seen as impersonal and unfriendly† (Stephens-Woods, 2008, p. 7). Without someone to receive patients and answer the phone, communication becomes fragmented and impersonal. While the contributions from the volunteers are greatly appreciated, abilities and level of commitment vary greatly. As a result, the families experience dissatisfaction when trying to obtain information, the surgeons experience frustration trying to find patients families, and the clinical staff find it difficult to update the volunteers when they need to communicate information. Currently, the volunteers are not held to any performance standards and while they may be in attendance, they may not be fully present. All employees of MCE are expected to work together and adhere to the guiding behaviors set by Mount Carmel which include being fully present and accountable (MCE, 2012). STAKEHOLDERS The issue of ineffective communication affects first the patients, our customers, who are the center of focus. Family members waiting for their loved ones are also affected. Lack of communication to patients waiting for surgery, particularly when there is a delay, can contributed to a heightened level of stress and anxiety. â€Å"Ineffective communication can be linked to higher levels of stress and anxiety which can negatively affect patient outcomes† (Stephens-Woods, 2008, p. 7). Additionally, health care workers and volunteers are impacted. Other key stakeholders include the perioperative staff, anesthesia team and surgeons. This domino effect extends to administration and ultimately the facility. AVAILABLE DATA Data from outpatient satisfaction surveys was compiled and reviewed for this project. Results were reviewed for each quarter of 2012. Data from questions relating to communication was obtained from questions contained on the survey. The questions and results are as follows: when asked if instructions were received upon arrival to the outpatient area patients responded â€Å"yes† an average of 84% of the time; being informed of delays averaged 77% of the time; overall waiting area satisfaction averaged 77%; and the likelihood of recommending MCE outpatient surgical services was an average of 83% (Mount Carmel, 2012). The data supported a need for communication that occurred within the waiting area with scores below department goals which have been established to be 90% or better. STRATEGIES/RESOURCES In order for any quality improvement project to be success a variety of resources must be utilized to analyze the problem. For this project, a root cause analysis was done and the results were then used to develop a quality improvement plan. This method of analysis was helpful in determining who was involved; where communication breaks down; what factors contribute to the issue and possible solutions to improve communication. Additional data from the results of the patient satisfaction surveys was also used. With the problem clearly analyzed and areas in need of improvement recognized, the process improvement plan was developed. The plan to incorporate a surgical services patient liaison was formulated as one possible solution. This plan was developed using best practice models in comparison to current practice routines. Strengths include available data and research from best practice models. Another consideration to improving communication is the impact it will have on patient satis faction scores. With improved communication comes improved patient satisfaction (Otani et al., 2012, p. 257). The director of surgical services has worked alongside those involved with the project in order to develop a conceivable plan. Additional input from the clinical staff has been positive and supportive. The biggest obstacle, of course, is budget. The role of the patient liaison, with all of the responsibilities is encompasses, would be a paid position. The addition of an employee is not without financial burden upon the department. However, unsatisfactory results will impact reimbursement. Medicare will examine these scores when reimbursing hospitals and better-performing hospitals will benefit from the incentive (Lang, 2012). Improving patient satisfaction is paramount due to the potential loss of revenue. SOLUTIONS/IMPLEMENTATION The current practice model of volunteers being used as the surgical service patient liaison does not follow best practice guidelines. My proposal is to  create a surgical services liaison as a navigator in the surgery waiting area. Current best practice models use nurse navigators and nurse liaisons as point persons to improve the communication process and overall patient and family satisfaction (Stephens-Woods, 2008, p. 7). However, there is limited research in relationship to outpatient surgical settings. My proposal would incorporate a liaison; however, this role would be filled in an administrative capacity rather than clinical thus alleviating some of the financial burden to the department. My second solution is to first address staffing levels. Currently there is no guarantee for consistent staffing. Continuity with those volunteers who do function as staff in the waiting room is somewhat limited. Requests have been made for the same volunteers to be used in the waiting room, but this is not always possible. Periods of time volunteers are requested for the waiting room are vacant. This issue was once again presented to the volunteer coordinator. Requests were made to make the surgical services waiting room a priority for volunteer staffing. While these requests have been made, there remains no guarantee that staffing levels will be met. The use of volunteers to fill a staffing need will continue to be problematic and this will continued to be reflected in overall patient satisfaction. The importance of satisfying the needs of families as our customers is just as important as providing care for our patients. This can best be accomplished by having trained staff members to meet these needs which in turn will improve patient and family satisfaction. Patient satisfaction is now considered as a critical part of the quality outcomes of health care (Otani et al., 2012, p. 257). Another component to the solution using the volunteers is based on documentation. Currently, the volunteers do not document when communication occurs and therefore there is no data to support that communication has occurred. My proposal would be the implementation of a spread sheet used to document communication. This spread sheet would be integrated with the daily surgery schedule with columns provided to document times when key communication has been achieved. Key communications include: time of arrival; time taken to pre-operative area; time surgery started and ended; arrival to recovery room; post surgical physician update; hourly update; etc. . The spreadsheet is currently being reviewed by department leaders. Changes will be made as necessary based on feedback provided and it will then be submitted for final approval. Volunteers will be instructed on use of the spread sheet and written instructions provided. Clinical staff will continue to document in the electronic medical record. EVALUATION PLAN The spreadsheet has been presented for approval for interdepartmental use. Pending approval, the spreadsheet will be used for a period of ninety days at which time patient complaints and patient satisfactions scores will be reviewed. Documentation for patient and family notification for clinical staff for the same time period will be reviewed and compared to documentation on the spreadsheet. Results will be evaluated and further recommendations will be based on these findings. ICP EVALUATION Working with a mentor for this ICP has been challenging and informative. My preceptor was the director of surgical services at MCE. Working with a mentor in this role provided a wide variety of opportunities not only those related to the project. While most of my practice has been focused on the clinical aspect of patient care, this project has given new insight into the significance of data as a value measurement for good patient care. The role of managers and their ability to make positive changes based on research has gained greater significance. With the knowledge gained through this process, I will not hesitate in the future to participate in continuous quality improvement projects. The ability to put into practice what has been learned in theory has been an invaluable experience. CONCLUSION Effective communication has been show to be a key factor in both patient outcomes and overall patient satisfaction. The value of patient satisfaction is now considered as a critical part of the quality outcomes of health care (Otani et al., 2012, p. 247). Patient satisfactions surveys from MCE surgical services have consistently show a decrease with overall patient satisfaction with areas of communication scoring the lowest across the continuum. Substandard patient satisfaction scores necessitated a further look at the current communication process. Currently, communication is facilitated by volunteers who staff the surgery waiting room. Availability and commitment of the volunteers have contributed to the issue. The use of volunteers provides no guarantee staffing levels will be fulfilled and on occasion the waiting room is left unattended. In order to address both staffing issues and facilitate timely, effective communication recommendations have been made to hire a regularly scheduled employee in the role of surgical liaison. Limitations to this plan are primarily monetary. Considerations for budget allowances and cost of training are not without financial burden to the department. The overall picture must be evaluated and the cost of an additional employee compared to potential revenue loss considered. Unsatisfactory patient satisfaction can impact reimbursement and lead to potential loss of repeat business. A second possible solution was developed based on monetary considerations. A spreadsheet designed to correlate with the surgery schedule was created. Simplistic in nature, it was designed to provide a place for volunteers to document times when specified communication occurs. The rationale behind the use of the spreadsheet is twofold. First, providing written documentation that communication has occurred; second, prompt those using the spreadsheet to provide communication in a timely manner. Pending final approval, the volunteers would be shown how to use the spread sheet and written instructions will be provided as a reference. Plausible solutions have been presented in an effort to improve communication with an overall goal of improving patient satisfaction. Effective communication between patients and members of the interdisciplinary health care team is essential (Belizario, 2011, p. 19). Using data as a tool to value patient centered care is an essential component to the quality improvement process; however, implementation, evaluation and continued quality improvement are a continual process. References Belizario, S. (2011, August). Inspiring change. Boosting patient satisfaction scores-and nurses’ morale. Nursing 2011, 41(8), 18-21. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000399591.81228.3e. Hollan, J. (2010). Communication key to patient satisfaction scores. Hospital Case Management, 18(11), 164-166. Retrieved from library.ohiou.edu.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/cgi-bin/redir_allcampuse

Health and safety in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Health and safety in construction - Essay Example The introductory section of the discussion give general information concerning the application of occupational health and safety rules in the contemporary society. The discussion is extended in the second section which describes of the statute laws applicable in occupational health and safety, its key requirements as well as the strategies that were applied to gather the information. The third section of the discussion discusses a legislation that has been applied in the United States of America to guide issues of occupational health and safety; modes of information retrieval are also described in this section. Moreover, examples of case laws are provided in the fourth section of the discussion together with the modes of information retrieval. Consequently, the second last section comprehensively discusses the strategies that were applied by the group to solve conflicts that might have emerged in the group. Meanwhile, the last provides a conclusion of the overall discussion. Key Word s Statute Law Occupational Health and Safety Conflicts Introduction The concept of occupational health and safety is usually overlooked especially in the construction

CHEMISTRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CHEMISTRY - Essay Example In the US, two antithyroid medications are being used, propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole, while in Europe and Asia, carbimazole which has a similar action to methimazole, is being used (Fenton 2006a). Carbimazole is converted to methimazole inside the body (Ross 2008a). The three antithyroid medications mentioned belong to the class of compounds known as thionamides and these medications inhibit thyroid hormone biosynthesis by decreasing the oxidation of iodide and iodination of tyrosine (Fenton 2006b). PTU also blocks the conversion of T4 (thyroxine) hormone to the more metabolically active T3 (triiodothyronine) hormone (MedicineNet 2005a). The chemical IUPAC name of methimazole is 1-methyl-3H-imidazole-2-thione, its chemical formula is C4H6N2S, its average molecular weight is 114.1688 g/mol, its melting point is 146 degrees Celsius, its experimental water solubility is 275g/L, and it has a half life of five to six hours (DrugBank 2007a). The following statements describe the mechanism of action of methimazole: ‘Methimazole binds to thyroid peroxidase and thereby inhibits the conversion of iodide to iodine. Thyroid peroxidase normally converts iodide to iodine (via hydrogen peroxide as a cofactor) and also catalyzes the incorporation of the resulting iodide molecule onto both the three and/or five positions of the phenol rings of tyrosines found in thyroglobulin. Thyroglobulin is degraded to produce thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are the main hormones produced by the thyroid gland. So methimazole effectively inhibits the production of new thyroid hormones.’ The chemical IUPAC name of propylthiouracil is 6-propyl-2-sulfanylidene-1H-pyrimidin-4-one, its chemical formula is C7H10N2OS, its average molecular weight is 170.2321 g/mol, its melting point is 219 Â °C, its experimental water solubility is 219 Â °C, and its half life is two hours (DrugBank 2007c). The chemical IUPAC name of carbimazole is

The Levels Are Core Product Benefits Marketing Essay

The Levels Are Core Product Benefits Marketing Essay BMW has the image of a premium car manufacturer who is know for its well driving cars with a sportier performance than their competition, prime example of this is the fact that BMW only produces rear-wheel drive and four-wheel drive cars. Their premium image comes from the fact that they produce high-quality and relatively high prices automobiles. Even though their prices are relatively high the perceived value level is still at a sufficient level because of the balance with high quality. One of the core product benefits would be technology. For example EfficientDynamics which manages to lower fuel consumption without really compromising the performance BMW is known for, through means such as lightweight construction, a start-stop function, brake energy regeneration and tires with less roll resistance just to name a few. BMW has won many awards for innovation for measures such as these so their technology is at a high and innovative level. Product Attributes BMW was founded in 1916 and its first car went on sale in 1929, a well known and old brand known for its innovation is one of the strengths BMW can build on. Not only in the automobile branch but also known for its aircraft engines and motorcycles. Design, especially under Christopher Bangle recent design has been an important factor, loved by some hated by others the new design direction Bangle took was a hot topic in automobile discussions. What cannot be denied is that BMWs have a distinctive design with some elements that have been in its cars for decades. For example the characteristic grille, first introduced in 1933 and still in use on every car model BMW manufactures. Another part of design is that BMW designs all its products with recycling in mind, Design for Recycling makes sure that the right materials are used and recycling is easier because it is being accounted for at a design stage. BMW has a programme called BMW Individual in which such as the name states a customer can customise its car to great extent. Options such as exclusive paint, leather colours and types and more extensive audio/video possibilities are all part of this programme, all to satisfy the customer to the greatest extent. Support Services The normal delivery of an automobile consists of having it made ready by your dealer and having it delivered to your home. With BMW it is possible to pick it up at the factory it was produced at and have a tour there for example and visit the BMW museum, it is even possible for American customers to make use of this programme and BMW will even take care of the shipping afterwards. An exclusive offering which turns a simple delivery into a whole experience. BMW offers a long 12 year warranty on the body of the car, 3 years on the paintwork and 2 years on the rest with no maximum amount of kilometres used. Furthermore there are programmes that allow you to extend the warranty beyond this time for a premium. Every consumer has access to the BMW group Service Center which can be phoned 24/7 and is free of charge. BMW also offers BMW Financial Services, which is a lease and financing company. They offer lease agreements but also insurance, not only on cars but they even offer home or travel insurance. To summarize BMW produces high quality products which have a few characteristics they are well known for. There are many factors in which BMW has a great product strategy but the most notable factors would be driving quality, BMWs offer a high degree of performance in its cars. Also one very important factor is its technology, most notably EfficientDynamics through which BMW manages to lower fuel consumption and emissions without compromising the quality driving it is known for. There is also the design which characterises its cars as typical BMW and last but not least the high level of support services. Miscellaneous One of the biggest issues global society is facing is global warming, this is especially important in the automotive industry as their products play a (large) part in this issue. Car manufacturers face a bit of a paradox, their product is inherently harmful to the environment yet at the same time they try to be as environmentally conscious as possible. BMW not only tries to be environmentally conscious in their products they also strive to be this in their organisation. As stated on their website all BMW Group employees are guided by the ICCs Business Charter for Sustainable Development. Managers are stimulated to implement environmental guidelines and convey this message onto their employees. Just some examples are reducing the amount of paperwork that goes with every car as it goes down the production-line in the factory to reduce the amount of paper used. Turning off unused factory equipment in the weekends. Grouping the production of same coloured cars together so that the painting equipment has to be cleaned and sterilized less often. BMW Group acknowledges its responsibilities and commits to apply latest the technologies in order to enhance safety and lower fuel consumption and noise and exhaust emissions. As stated previously BMW applies Design for Recycling in which at the design stage there is already being accounted for optimizing the recycling process. BMW also is developing alternative fuel technologies such as BMW CleanEnergy which allows for the use of liquid hydrogen as a fuel. Furthermore BMW Group suppliers are required to adhere to the standards which BMW applies to its organisation and products. It is through technologies such as BMW Efficient Dynamics that the consumer is actually experiencing a lower fuel consumption and lower emissions. All of this achieved through lightweight construction, energy management and modern technology. For example in the Netherlands BMW has 129 models which have a green label, greener labels in turn allow for lower costs for the car. To summarize, although BMWs product is harmful to the environment they try to minimize this through the use of company-wide policies and design philosophy to ensure environmentally conscious production and technology to minimize fuel consumption and emissions. Sources Essentials of Global Marketing Svend Hollensen http://www.bmw.com/com/en/insights/overview.html http://www.bmw-warranty.co.uk/Pages/Information.aspx?page=Products/Comparison.htm http://www.bmwusa.com/Standard/Content/Owner/BMWUltimateService/Warranty.aspx http://www.bmw.co.uk/bmwuk/about/corp/environment http://www.bmwusfactory.com/Environment.aspx?id=282

Discrimination or Disparity in Policing

Discrimination refers to a difference in the kind of treatment given to individuals based on the race, ethnic background, social class, gender and so forth. Disparity on the other hand refers to a difference in outcomes of a situation which is not necessarily as a result of differential treatment or any kind of biased treatment. According to Wrobleski (2005), discrimination can be defined as a differential unequal treatment exhibited by a person when dealing with an individual from a certain race, sex, religion or ethnic origin.In policing, all citizens in a country are entitled to equal amount of protection under the state laws as a sign of democracy. Discrimination in policing occurs when police officers in a given state fail to practice fair treatment when dealing with their workmates and members of the public due to race, gender, ethnic origin, skin color or religion biases and it is a bit different from disparity. For instance, many traffic policemen are known to easily forgive women drivers who violate traffic rules but the same policemen become very strict when dealing with male drivers.On the other hand, women are known to be more careful drivers than their male counterparts and thus, not many women drivers violate traffic rules. The fact that there are many male traffic rules violators than women might lead to some difference in the number of traffic tickets given to women as opposed to those given to men. This kind of difference will be referred to as disparity and not discrimination. The police force has in the recent past being highly associated with cases of discrimination and favoritism.This paper seeks top identify the types of discrimination and disparity in policing mainly based on gender, race and class. Racial discrimination and disparity. The issue of racial and ethnic discrimination and disparity in policing has been widely researched and most studies indicate that there is a common pattern of systematic discrimination and disparity related to factors such as involvement in criminal activities, drug abuse and so forth. Systematic discrimination in policing can be defined as the type of differential treatment which is always present in a state's justice system regardless of the time or place.Most of racial discrimination in the justice systems exists in form of racial profiling (Wrobleski, 2005). Racial profiling refers to a situation whereby members of a certain race or ethnic origin are subjected to extensive surveillance, police force and criminal justice than others. For instance, law enforcement officers in the U. S have been accused of using the authority given to them in a discretionary way when dealing with minority motorists. The word minority here refers to the blacks, Hispanics or native Americans (Walker, Cassia & Miriam, 2000).This is a case of racial profiling and such cases have brought so much controversy in the American policing with many people claiming that the high rates of minority involvement in t raffic stops as opposed to the number of whites involved reflects how biased the traffic police officers are in terms of race. A study carried out by the U. S Rand Corporation in 2006 showed that the minority populations are more likely to be stopped by traffic officers, searched and accused of drug trafficking unlike their white counterparts.The study also discovered some pattern of racial disparities with many drug traffickers located in some parts of the state inhabited by the blacks and the Hispanics unlike those areas inhabited by the whites (Lanier & Stuart, 2008). However, the law enforcers are quick to defend themselves on this accusations claiming that they operate under pressure to track and bring to book those involved in drug use and trafficking activities. The term racial profiling has been replaced with racial biased policing to show how policing in U.S is biased towards the minority population. Apart from traffic police officers, the law enforcing unit in U. S has bee n generally accused of possessing a high tendency of using excessive force when dealing with the minority groups than when dealing with the whites. According to Fukurai (2002), racial discrimination and disparity in the U. S has also been identified in the federal justice systems. Racial disparities in the criminal justice systems has been attributed to the high number of minority populations involved in criminal activities.Racial discrimination is responsible for the disparity seen in police arrests, jury selection and prosecution procedures in the current criminal justice systems in the U. S. Gender discrimination and disparity. Discrimination in policing on the bases of gender is very common in U. S just like in most parts of the world. The major issue of gender discrimination and disparity in the U. S policing is associated with lack of gender integration whereby for a long time now, women have been highly ignored and denied the chance to work as police officers.However, a call for gender equality and affirmative action has increasingly advocated for women in the police force and through continued struggle and determination, more and more women are now working in the police force. The major challenge now is that, women police officers are discriminated against and have not been fully accepted by their male counterparts. Such women are subjected to cold reception, hostility and sexual harassment by their male workmates, supervisors and the police department as a whole (Wilbanks, 2007).Other challenges which affect women in policing include too many family responsibilities, conflict in societal roles, sexual harassment, doubts by the public concerning their ability to compete with their male counterparts, doubts about their self worth, inadequate facilities in the police force such as uniforms, locker rooms and so forth. This type of discrimination is worse when the woman in question belongs to the minority population. Researches have indicated that women fr om the minority populations are exposed to higher discrimination than the white women (Fukurai, 2002).However, it has been found that regardless of the race, all women in policing face a substantial amount of discrimination. Gender disparity in U. S is evident from the statistics depicted by a report by the State Security Department in 2007 which showed that women constitute only four percent of the police force as compared to their male counterparts (Miller, 2007). This can be attributed to discrimination in enrolling women to the police force and the conditions they are subjected to at the work place.Apart from discrimination of women police officers at the work place, another form of gender discrimination in policing is evident whereby, male police officers have been found to act with some level of leniency when dealing with women offenders unlike when dealing with male offenders. This is mostly common especially when the woman in question is young and attractive. Moreover, cases of police officers and law enforcers who ask for sexual favors from women so as to overlook their cases or rule in their favor are also quite common. Class discrimination and disparity.In the U. S, wealth distribution varies widely within the three major social classes. This includes upper class, middle class and low class societies. Most people in U. S fall under the middle class category. Discrimination in policing is brought about by the fact that law enforcers are more biased against low class populations as opposed to those in the middle and upper-class societies (Wrobleski, 2005). When it comes to justice and fairness, the poor people are often denied their rights by the rich and when they go to court, the accuser becomes the accused.This is because the rich have money to bribe in order to have justice passed in their favor. Disparity in terms of social class is common in policing due ti the fact that most poor people have a higher likelihood of engaging in crime and criminal activities when seeking means of survival. This is the main reason why crime is found to be more prevalent among low class societies as opposed to the upper and middle class societies. Conclusion. It is clear that discrimination or disparity is very common in U. S policing based on race, class and gender.Most of the reports and researches reviewed indicate that racial based discrimination is the most common type of discrimination in policing with most police officers practicing what is known as racial profiling. This affects the minority populations of all background regardless of their gender or class. Contemporary researches have also shown that the three types of discrimination interact closely with each other. For instance, most of the minority populations in U. S live in perpetual poverty due to lack of employment and unequal income distribution.This exposes them to higher discrimination due to their race as well as the social class. In addition, it has been found that most bl ack women who work in the police force are subjected to more gender discrimination than the white women. To some extent, discrimination in the police force leads to disparity especially in the case of gender discrimination among women in policing. It can thus be concluded that, discrimination has greatly affected the administration of justice in the criminal justice system and this calls for affirmative action to administer reforms in the system and ensure equal and fair justice for all. Reference. Fukurai, H. (2002). Where Did Hispanic Jurors Go? Racial and Ethnic Disenfranchisement in the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grand Jury and the Search for Justice. Western Criminology Review 2(2). [Online].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved on Sept 20, 2008 from, . Miller, T. (2007). Gender Discrimination in U. S Policing. New York: Free Press. Lanier, M. and Stuart, H. (2008). Defining Crime. Essential Criminology.   Boulder, CO:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Westview Press. Walker, S., Cassia. S. & Miriam, D. (2000). The Color of Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishing Company. Wilbanks, W. (2007). The Myth of the Racist Criminal Justice System. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Wrobleski, M. & Karen, M. (2005). Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice.

Identify the historical and cultural factors Essay

Identify the historical and cultural factors that contribute to the development of the learning perspective. To what extent is the learning perspective relevant today?  The study of how humans learn is a dominant component of the learning perspective. The study of behaviour in this perspective and is also commonly known as the Behaviouristic Approach, as they believe that behaviour is the only valid data in psychology. Behaviourism developed simultaneously in the United States and Russia in relation to many factors. Traditional Behaviourists believed that all organisms learn in the same way, and could be explained by the processes of classical and operant conditioning. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behaviour and/or knowledge that occurs as a result of practice and/or experience in the environment. Psychologists working within this perspective have investigated he ways in which behaviour changes, usually using laboratory experiments, and often-using non-human animals. The Learning perspective developed simultaneously in the United States and Russia with American Theorists John Watson, Albert Bandura and Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.  The way in which behaviour can be observed is seen as being objectively or unbiased, and this is the opposite to the theory of introspection. The unreliability of the way in which subjective data is obtained in introspection is one of the main criticisms that lead to the rise of behaviourism. In introspection the data collected in said to be subjective and therefore biased in the sense that it comes from ones own mind. â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants†¦and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer†¦and yes, even beggarman and thief.†1  John Watson 1913  Watson wrote an article titled ‘Psychology as the behaviourist views it.’ This article, which set out all main assumptions and principles, sparked the rise of the behaviourist movement in 1913. Albert Bandura was the major motivator behind the social learning theory, which included cognitive factors that were not incorporated by behaviourists, as they thought behaviour was almost entirely determined by the environment. Bandura suggests that much behaviour, including aggression, is learnt from the environment through reinforcement and the process of modelling. Bandura integrated cognitive influences and called his modified theory the social learning theory. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, whilst conducting experiments on the digestive systems on dogs stumbled across the developed principles of classical conditioning. All these factors contributed to the advancement of the learning perspective, as we know it today. Key concepts of the perspective are classical and operant conditioning, social, latent and insight learning. All concepts are built from the historical and cultural factors that gave rise to the learning perspective. Findings after conduction of experiments show a remarkable relevance to today’s society and knowledge. Whether it is classical conditioning and relating findings to aversion therapy or operant conditioning’s relation to animal training or modifying behaviour through reinforcement and punishment. Therefore it is important to research experimenters who performed relevant experiments to relate their results to today. Classical condition is learning through association, which was accidentally found by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was conducting experiments in relation to dogs digestive systems when he stumbled on, what is known as, classical conditioning. Pavlov noticed that dogs did not only salivate when food was placed in front of them, but they also salivated before the food was given to them, and was triggered by other factors such as upon hearing or seeing Pavlov, or the sound of footsteps. Pavlov then discovered that the anticipation of receiving the food made the dogs salivate. Pavlov then modified his experiment to test whether using a stimulus such as meat powder, which caused salivation, could be varied and a conditioned stimulus such as the ringing of a bell could also bring about the unconditioned response of salivation originally caused by being presented with the sight of the meat powder. Pavlov used a soundproof room, to minimise and limit extraneous variables so he could be sure that it was i.e. only the ringing of a bell that was affecting the salivation after the conditioned stimulus. John Watson performed another example of classical conditioning when he experimented on Little Albert in 1920. Behaviourists learning theorists such as Watson suggested that phobias were conditioned emotional responses. Certain stimuli, such as sudden loud noises, naturally cause fear reactions, and stimuli that become associated with them will acquire the same emotional responses. Little Albert was presented with a white laboratory rat to which he showed no fear response. Watson then associated the loud noise simultaneously with the presentation of the rat, Little Albert then associated fear with the rat, and was then able to generalise these response to other fluffy white objects. The study with Little Albert has serious ethical problems. Firstly that he participated in the experiment involuntary and without the consent of his mother. Also Watson reported that they hesitated about proceeding with the experiment but comforted themselves that Albert would encounter such traumatic associations when he left the sheltered environment of the nursery anyway. This is not a very good ethical defence, especially since they believed such associations might persist indefinitely and did not leave sufficient time to remove the fear afterwards, despite knowing that Albert was due to leave. Classical conditioning can be related to today with the development of therapies using classical conditioning techniques to extinguishing fear. The first technique of therapy is the systematic desensitation, which aims to extinguish the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually, step by step. This therapy was developed mainly by Wolpe, who stated that in order for the fear to be removed gradually, a hierarchy of fear must be formed and ranked by the subject from least fearful to most fearful. The subject is then given training in deep muscle relaxation techniques so it can then be used at each stage of the hierarchy starting from the least fearful to the most and only progressing when the subject feels sufficiently relaxed. This method of treatment has a very high success rate with specific phobias, i.e. of particular animals. It is considered to work particularly well because the response of fear and relaxation is said to be impossible for them to exist at the same time. The second techniques of therapy are implosion and the flooding techniques, when both methods produce extinction of a phobia’s fear by the continual and dramatic presentation of the phobic or situation. Wolpe in 1960 forced a girl with a fear of cars into the back seat of a car and drove her around for 4 hours straight until her hysterical fear completely disappeared. Marks et al (1981) say that this kind of therapy works because eventually some stimulus exhaustion takes place, as you cannot scream forever and then the conditioned fear response extinguishes. The technique most similar to classical conditioning is called Aversion Therapy, and is most relevant to today’s treatment of alcoholism, smoking or overeating. The technique aims to remove undesirable responses to certain stimuli by associating them with aversive stimuli, in the hope that the undesirable responses will be avoided in the future. Aversion therapy has been used to treat alcoholism, for example the person is given alcohol with a nausea-inducing drug unsuspectingly, and should then feel sick. The person associates drinking with their intestinal distress and results found that two out of three people did not have any alcohol a year later. Although it has a high success rate, ethical considerations of deliberating causing discomfort to another person through deception must be taken into account. The limitation of this type of therapy is its difficulty to generalise to other situations from where the learning took place.